Washington: After decades of trying to develop a vaccine against Aids, global health authorities are finally beginning to make "significant advances" towards their goal, Anthony Fauci, head of the US institute of infectious diseases, told AFP.

"Up to a few years ago, even though we have been trying for a couple of decades to develop a vaccine, unsuccessfully, we have not even had a small clue that we were going in the right direction," Fauci said.

However, two key events in the past few years have changed that and led to "significant advances in the development of a vaccine," said Fauci, who is head of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID).

The first of those key turning-point events was a clinical trial of an HIV/Aids vaccine which was conducted last year in Thailand on 16,000 people.

"The results showed a small to modest positive effect on the acquisition of HIV — not good enough to be able to distribute a vaccine but good enough to tell us that it was a conceptual advance that at least makes us feel now that a vaccine is possible," Fauci said.

Then, last week, scientists at NIAID published a paper in the journal Science about research that had helped identify two antibodies in an HIV-positive individual, which, when put together "block 90 per cent" of HIV strains, Fauci said.

"What that is telling us is that you can identify the portion of the virus that you would like to use as a vaccine, because we know that when the antibodies bind to that portion, [they] knock down the virus," he said.

Protective response

The next step will be to inject that part of the virus into an individual to produce a protective response against HIV infection, said Fauci days before the 18th international conference on Aids, to be held in Vienna, Austria.

The Thai study and the report in Science have left scientists feeling "much more confident that ultimately we will have a vaccine" against HIV/Aids, although it was still impossible to say exactly when that would be, said Fauci.